Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 18, ISSUE 1, P21-30, March 2023

Circadian Interventions as Adjunctive Therapies to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Sleep Medicine Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Brasure M.
        • Fuchs E.
        • MacDonald R.
        • et al.
        Psychological and behavioral interventions for managing insomnia disorder: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline by the American College of Physicians.
        Ann Intern Med. 2016; 165: 113-124
        • Moore R.Y.
        Organization and function of a central nervous system circadian oscillator: the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus.
        Fed Proc. 1983; 42: 2783-2789
        • Ford E.S.
        • Cunningham T.J.
        • Giles W.H.
        • et al.
        Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among U.S. adults from 2002 to 2012.
        Sleep Med. 2015; 16: 372-378
        • American Academy of Sleep Medicine
        International classification of sleep disorders.
        3rd edition. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL2014
        • Levenson J.C.
        • Kay D.B.
        • Buysse D.J.
        The pathophysiology of insomnia.
        Chest. 2015; 147: 1179-1192
        • Lack L.C.
        • Gradisar M.
        • Van Someren E.J.
        • et al.
        The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures.
        Sleep Med Rev. 2008; 12: 307-317
        • Dijk D.J.
        • Czeisler C.A.
        Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans.
        Neurosci Lett. 1994; 166: 63-68
        • Lack L.
        • Wright H.
        The effect of evening bright light in delaying the circadian rhythms and lengthening the sleep of early morning awakening insomniacs.
        Sleep. 1993; 16: 436-443
        • Lack L.C.
        • Mercer J.D.
        • Wright H.
        Circadian rhythms of early morning awakening insomniacs.
        J Sleep Res. 1996; 5: 211-219
        • Flynn-Evans E.E.
        • Shekleton J.A.
        • Miller B.
        • et al.
        Circadian phase and phase angle disorders in primary insomnia.
        Sleep. 2017; 40https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx163
        • Evans M.A.
        • Hasler B.P.
        CBT-I for patients with phase disorders or insomnia with circadian misalignment.
        in: Nowakowski S. Garland S.N. Grandner M.A. Adapting cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Academic Press, 2022: 63-95
        • Borbély A.A.
        • Daan S.
        • Wirz-Justice A.
        • et al.
        The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal.
        J Sleep Res. 2016; 25: 131-143
        • Duffy J.F.
        • Rimmer D.W.
        • Czeisler C.A.
        Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness-eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase.
        Behav Neurosci. 2001; 115: 895-899
        • Czeisler C.A.
        • Allan J.S.
        • Strogatz S.H.
        • et al.
        Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle.
        Science. 1986; 233: 667-671
        • Quante M.
        • Mariani S.
        • Weng J.
        • et al.
        Zeitgebers and their association with rest-activity patterns.
        Chronobiol. 2019; 36: 203-213
        • Mistlberger R.E.
        • Skene D.J.
        Nonphotic entrainment in humans?.
        J Biol Rhythms. 2005; 20: 339-352
        • Benloucif S.
        • Guico M.J.
        • Reid K.J.
        • et al.
        Stability of melatonin and temperature as circadian phase markers and their relationship to sleep times in humans.
        J Biol Rhythms. 2005; 20: 178-188
        • Strogatz S.H.
        • Kronauer R.E.
        • Czeisler C.A.
        Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: role in insomnia.
        Am J Physiol. 1987; 253: R172-R178
        • Van Veen M.M.
        • Kooij J.J.
        • Boonstra A.M.
        • et al.
        Delayed circadian rhythm in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic sleep-onset insomnia.
        Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 67: 1091-1096
        • Rodenbeck A.
        • Huether G.
        • Rüther E.
        • et al.
        Altered circadian melatonin secretion patterns in relation to sleep in patients with chronic sleep-wake rhythm disorders.
        J Pineal Res. 1998; 25: 201-210
        • Wright H.R.
        • Lack L.
        • Bootzin R.R.
        Relationship between dim light melatonin onset and the timing of sleep in sleep onset insomniacs.
        Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2006; 4: 78-80
        • Taylor A.
        • Wright H.R.
        • Lack L.C.
        Sleeping-in on the weekend delays circadian phase and increases sleepiness the following week.
        Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2008; 6: 172-179
        • Emens J.S.
        • Burgess H.J.
        Effect of light and melatonin and other melatonin receptor agonists on human circadian physiology.
        Sleep Med Clin. 2015; 10: 435-453
        • Maurer L.F.
        • Ftouni S.
        • Espie C.A.
        • et al.
        The acute effects of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia on circadian timing and vigilance.
        J Sleep Res. 2021; 30: e13260
        • van Maanen A.
        • Meijer A.M.
        • van der Heijden K.B.
        • et al.
        The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Sleep Med Rev. 2016; 29: 52-62
        • St Hilaire M.A.
        • Gooley J.J.
        • Khalsa S.B.
        • et al.
        Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light.
        J Physiol. 2012; 590: 3035-3045
        • Hasler B.
        • Buysse D.
        • Ngari W.
        • et al.
        Successful sleep extension and phase advance in adolescents in response to a pilot sleep/circadian manipulation.
        Sleep. 2019; 42: A329-A330
        • Lau T.
        • Lovato N.
        • Lack L.
        Evaluation of a portable light device for phase advancing the circadian rhythm in the home environment.
        Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2018; 16: 405-411
        • Lovato N.
        • Lack L.
        Circadian phase delay using the newly developed re-timer portable light device.
        Sleep Biol Rhythm. 2016; 14: 157-164
        • Gooley J.J.
        • Lu J.
        • Chou T.C.
        • et al.
        Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract.
        Nat Neurosci. 2001; 4: 1165
        • LeGates T.A.
        • Fernandez D.C.
        • Hattar S.
        Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect.
        Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014; 15: 443-454
        • Wright H.R.
        • Lack L.C.
        • Kennaway D.J.
        Differential effects of light wavelength in phase advancing the melatonin rhythm.
        J Pineal Res Mar. 2004; 36: 140-144
        • Mottram V.
        • Middleton B.
        • Williams P.
        • et al.
        The impact of bright artificial white and 'blue-enriched' light on sleep and circadian phase during the polar winter.
        J Sleep Res. 2011; 20: 154-161
        • Pail G.
        • Huf W.
        • Pjrek E.
        • et al.
        Bright-light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders.
        Neuropsychobiology. 2011; 64: 152-162
        • Terman M.
        • Terman J.S.
        Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects.
        CNS Spectr. 2005; 10 ([quiz: 672]): 647-663
        • Eastman C.I.
        • Young M.A.
        • Fogg L.F.
        • et al.
        Bright light treatment of winter depression: a placebo-controlled trial.
        Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998; 55: 883-889
        • Burgess H.J.
        • Fogg L.F.
        • Young M.A.
        • et al.
        Bright light therapy for winter depression--is phase advancing beneficial?.
        Chronobiol. 2004; 21: 759-775
        • Duffy J.F.
        • Czeisler C.A.
        Effect of light on human circadian physiology.
        Sleep Med Clin. 2009; 4: 165-177
        • Zeitzer J.M.
        • Dijk D.J.
        • Kronauer R.
        • et al.
        Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression.
        J Physiol. 2000; 526: 695-702
        • Wood B.
        • Rea M.S.
        • Plitnick B.
        • et al.
        Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression.
        Appl Ergon. 2013; 44: 237-240
        • Figueiro M.G.
        • Wood B.
        • Plitnick B.
        • et al.
        The impact of watching television on evening melatonin levels.
        J Soc Inf Disp. 2013; 21: 417-421
        • Sasseville A.
        • Paquet N.
        • Sévigny J.
        • et al.
        Blue blocker glasses impede the capacity of bright light to suppress melatonin production.
        J Pineal Res. 2006; 41: 73-78
        • Shechter A.
        • Kim E.W.
        • St-Onge M.P.
        • et al.
        Blocking nocturnal blue light for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.
        J Psychiatr Res. 2018; 96: 196-202
        • Hester L.
        • Dang D.
        • Barker C.J.
        • et al.
        Evening wear of blue-blocking glasses for sleep and mood disorders: a systematic review.
        Chronobiol. 2021; 38: 1375-1383
        • Shechter A.
        • Quispe K.A.
        • Mizhquiri Barbecho J.S.
        • et al.
        Interventions to reduce short-wavelength (“blue”) light exposure at night and their effects on sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Sleep Adv. 2020; 1https://doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaa002
        • Baglioni C.
        • Bostanova Z.
        • Bacaro V.
        • et al.
        A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the evidence base of melatonin, light exposure, exercise, and complementary and alternative medicine for patients with insomnia disorder.
        J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 1949
        • Low T.L.
        • Choo F.N.
        • Tan S.M.
        The efficacy of melatonin and melatonin agonists in insomnia - an umbrella review.
        J Psychiatr Res. 2020; 121: 10-23
        • Auld F.
        • Maschauer E.L.
        • Morrison I.
        • et al.
        Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders.
        Sleep Med Rev. 2017; 34: 10-22
        • Wirz-Justice A.
        • Benedetti F.
        • Terman M.
        Chronotherapeutics for affective disorders: a clinician’s manual for light and wake therapy.
        Karger, Basel, Switzerland2009
        • Burgess H.J.
        • Revell V.L.
        • Eastman C.I.
        A three pulse phase response curve to three milligrams of melatonin in humans.
        J Physiol. 2008; 586: 639-647
        • Burgess H.J.
        • Revell V.L.
        • Molina T.A.
        • et al.
        Human phase response curves to three days of daily melatonin: 0.5 mg versus 3.0 mg.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 3325-3331
        • Mundey K.
        • Benloucif S.
        • Harsanyi K.
        • et al.
        Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin.
        Sleep. 2005; 28: 1271-1278
        • Paul M.A.
        • Gray G.W.
        • Lieberman H.R.
        • et al.
        Phase advance with separate and combined melatonin and light treatment.
        Psychopharmacology. 2011; 214: 515-523
        • Erland L.A.E.
        • Saxena P.K.
        Melatonin natural health products and supplements: presence of serotonin and significant variability of melatonin content.
        J Clin Sleep Med. 2017; 13: 275-281
        • Lewy A.J.
        • Emens J.
        • Jackman A.
        • et al.
        Circadian uses of melatonin in humans.
        Chronobiol. 2006; 23: 403-412
        • Andersen L.P.
        • Gogenur I.
        • Rosenberg J.
        • et al.
        The safety of melatonin in humans.
        Clin Drug Investig. 2016; 36: 169-175
      1. Melatonin. Food, herbs & supplements.
        in: Natural medicines [internet database]. Therapeutic Research Center, Somerville, MA2022 (Available at:) (Accessed March 18, 2022)